Stem Cell Differentiation and Specialized Cells in the Body

Subject : Biology

Question:

The process of a stem cell becoming specialized is called differentiation.

Choose the correct type of specialized cell:

A. Muscle cells

B. Intestinal cells

C. Blood cells

D. Nerve cell

E. Cardiac cells

F. Liver cells

Expert Verified Solution:

The correct answer is that all of the options listed represent specialized cells. Differentiation is a biological process where stem cells, which are unspecialized, transform into specific cell types with specialized functions. This process is crucial in development, growth, and healing, as it allows the body to generate the diverse cells it needs to function properly. Let’s look at each type of specialized cell:

A. Muscle Cells
Muscle cells, also called myocytes, are specialized for contraction and are responsible for movement in the body. There are three types of muscle cells: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscles enable voluntary movements, while cardiac muscles power the heart, and smooth muscles manage involuntary movements in internal organs such as the intestines.

B. Intestinal Cells
Intestinal cells are specialized for absorbing nutrients from digested food. These cells line the intestines and have a critical role in digestion, forming part of the epithelium that regulates nutrient absorption, waste elimination, and protecting the body from harmful bacteria.

C. Blood Cells
Stem cells differentiate into various types of blood cells, including red blood cells (which carry oxygen), white blood cells (which fight infections), and platelets (which help blood clot). Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow through a process called hematopoiesis, making them essential for overall health and bodily function.

D. Nerve Cells
Nerve cells, also known as neurons, are specialized for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body. Neurons communicate with each other to process information, control movement, and respond to external stimuli. They form the basis of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

E. Cardiac Cells
Cardiac cells, or cardiomyocytes, are specialized muscle cells that make up the heart. Their primary function is to contract rhythmically and pump blood throughout the body. These cells are unique because they are highly resistant to fatigue, allowing the heart to work continuously throughout a person’s life.

F. Liver Cells
Liver cells, called hepatocytes, are specialized for a variety of metabolic processes, including detoxifying harmful substances, producing bile for digestion, and storing nutrients. The liver plays a central role in maintaining metabolic balance and is essential for processing and eliminating toxins from the body.

Through the process of differentiation, stem cells are capable of becoming any of these specialized cells depending on the needs of the body. This ability is crucial for development, tissue repair, and maintaining overall health.