Correct order of stages in the primary succession of a volcanic

Subject : SCIENCE

Question: The correct order of stages in the primary succession of a volcanic island environment is illustrated by

A) shrubs-mosses-coconut trees-sea grasses

B) volcanic rock-lichen-mosses-sea grasses

C) volcanic rock-shrubs-coconut trees-sea grasses

D) volcanic rock-sea grasses-coconut trees-shrubs

Expert Verified Solution:

The correct order of stages in primary succession for a volcanic island environment is:

B) volcanic rock-lichen-mosses-sea grasses

Explanation: Primary succession occurs in environments where no soil exists, such as on newly formed volcanic islands. The stages of primary succession typically follow this sequence:

Volcanic rock – Initial stage with bare rock or lava flows.

Lichen – Pioneer species that can colonize bare rock and begin soil formation.

Mosses – As soil develops, mosses grow and further contribute to soil formation.

Seagrasses – As the soil becomes more developed, grasses and other plants can establish themselves.

This progression shows the gradual process of soil development and the increasing complexity of the ecosystem over time.